The Slavery Of The New World - 971 Words

For slaves the transition to the New World was at times isolating and difficult. There were rotten, terrifying, and sometimes inhumane experiences that the slaves’ experienced as they transitioned to the New World. Slaves dealt with loneliness when their families were separated because they were sold or because of situations where the owners were controlling their lives. Before becoming a slave African Americans were first kidnapped from their homes. The kidnapping process was fast. There was hardly any chance given to scream or fight back against the kidnapper. Those that were kidnapped journey was â€Å"to travel, sometimes by land, sometimes by water, through different countries and various nations† (Pearsons, 2011, 149). The slaves transatlantic voyage was called the â€Å"middle passage† (Berkin, Cherny, Gormly, Miller, 2013, 82). This middle passage was â€Å"a nightmare of death, disease, suicide, and sometimes mutiny† (Berkin, Cherny, Gormly , Miller, 2013, 82). The waters near West Africa were known as the â€Å"white man’s grave† because so many white officers and crews of the slave ships died because of diseases and were tossed overboard (Berkin, Cherny, Gormly, Miller, 2013, 82). While the death toll of the crew was great in numbers. The deaths of the black slaves aboard was far greater. These slave ships were hotbeds for many diseases such as â€Å"scurvy, yellow fever, malaria, dysentery, small pox, measles and typhus† (Berkin, Cherny, Gormly, Miller, 2013, 83). TheShow MoreRelatedSlavery And The New World947 Words   |  4 PagesSlaves transition to the New World was at times isolating and difficult. As they transitioned to the New World they experienced terrifying and sometimes inhumane treatment. Slaves dealt with loneliness when their families were separated because they were sold or because of situations where the owners were controlling their lives. Before becoming a slave African Americans were first kidnapped from their homes. The kidnapping process was fast. There was hardly any chance given to scream or fightRead MoreThe Establishment Of New World Slavery1848 Words   |  8 Pagesof this new world slavery began with an important agricultural discovery in the British colony of Jamestown. It was here that John Rolfe discovered that the Caribbean tobacco seed yielded a unique tasting smoke which lead to the first cash crop of the new world and their first opportunity to strike it rich. This discovery however did not come without its share of problems, the main one being the lack of workers to clear the land and tend the fields. This shortage of workers lead to a new form ofRead MoreAfrican American Slavery And The New World Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesIn a world not fully discovered tou can only imagine the amount of cruelty that played a part in the claiming of In a world not fully discover you can only imagine the amo unt of protein that played a part in claiming of new lands, people, ideas, and products. 5 major empires that helped build the Atlantic world were the british,french,spanish, portugese and the dutch. With may of these empires at their peek or trying to reach it there was alot of labor that needed to take place. Most of the laborRead More Legitimating Conquest and Slavery in the New World Essay1479 Words   |  6 PagesAtlantic Ocean to Asia. This 1492 voyage turned out to be a discovery of another continent, America. Columbus thought that he had reached East Indies, but was in fact, in the Caribbean. The native people that inhabited the island were curious to see these new visitors and came out to greet them. The natives or ?Indians? as Columbus called them were friendly and generous people, giving gifts to the European travelers. Soon after the arrival, the Europeans started to take over and take what they pleased. AsRead MoreAfrican Slavery And The New World s Demographic Profile 1014 Words   |  5 Pagesventuring proprietors or joint-stock companies. Yet, whatever the reason for coming, whatever the type of colony, when English settlers arrived they encountered native populations and Spanish and French settlements. Significantly, African slavery altered the New World s demographic profile in the early 1600s. Interacting cultures within distinct geographic settings and economic circumstances resulted in unique histories for early colonies such as Roanoke, Jamestown, Plymouth and South Carolina. SouthRead MoreSlavery Around the World Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pageslearned about slavery in many parts of the world. I have learned some new things about slavery that I had never been taught before. Slavery has been a major stab wound to the heart of the world ever since it first existed. Slavery has caused years of turmoil and depression to large ethnic groups of people who have done nothing to deserve what came to them. The sad part about the whole slavery sit uation is that, it was never completely abolished from the world. Maybe on paper slavery may have beenRead MoreAfrican Americans and Cotton Fields1233 Words   |  5 PagesWhen we think about slavery we perceive it to be African Americans working on a cotton field, but where did that perception come from and where did slavery begin in North America? Slavery has been one of the longest standing legal systems used throughout history. History shows that the first settlers in North America, both the Vikings and Native Americans, were the first cultures to practice slavery in the area. Slavery continued through early modern history, aiding in the discovery of North AmericaRead MoreThe Economic And Racial Aspects Of Slavery1235 Words   |  5 Pages The Economic and Racial Aspects of Slavery Leo Kirkpatrick Baird US History I Mrs. Clark November 9, 2015 Slavery has stood the test of time; slaves were used in Mesopotamia even before they were conquered by the First Persian Empire in 539 BCE. In the Roman Empire slaves were about 10% of the total population of the Empire. The need for labor in the New World caused about 10.7 million Africans to be shipped over to become slaves. The mass usage of slaves from the 2nd millennia BCERead MoreEquiano s Journey Of A Slave1522 Words   |  7 Pagesin Africa and the New World in regards to slavery his view is not as simple as a one sided condemnation. Equiano, one moment was free and the next was being kidnapped and taken into this world where he felt he did not belong. Slavery is something that now is thought about in hate and disgust, but was the â€Å"it thing† back in the 1800s. Equiano started his slave life in Africa, however the difference between his experiences throughout Africa and his experiences through the New World are completely differentRead MoreThe Sex Trade: Slavery and Prostitution Essay1387 Words   |  6 PagesIndividuals around the world are faced with inhumane treatments and conditions daily. â€Å"Traffickers use force, fraud or coercion, including techniques such as containment, beatings, rape, confiscation of documents, debt bondage, false owners of employment, and threats of harm† in order to maintain control over their slaves (Potocky, 2010). Sex trade is a global problem presently and will increase throughout the world if nothing is done to prevent and eliminate it. Sex slavery is a type of prostitution

Political Corruption Essay - 1203 Words

Political Corruption - Political corruption is one of the biggest problems in the United States government, but not just here in America, in other parts of the world as well. This global issue is making big headlines and it is all over the internet, yet people still don’t fully believe that U.S. politicians are corrupt. The people that are making all of the â€Å"under the table† deals have got the American people blinded with false promises. The national debt is growing and we, the people, are blaming the President, illegal immigration, and big companies importing goods but the people that are to blame are representing us right now. Corruption is defined as moral perversion or the perversion of integrity. (Dictionary.com) This†¦show more content†¦It turns out the man had serious medical conditions and no health insurance. He robbed a bank to get free health care in prison. (â€Å"Corruption In America†) Lies are becoming an everyday part of the busine ss world. JP Morgan marketed a CDO as a good investment when they knew it was total garbage. The SEC announced that JP Morgan has agreed to pay out 153 million dollars in settle charges related to the sale of a controversial collateralized debt obligation back in 2007. The people that helped pick out the underlying assets for the CDO also bet heavily that it would fail. (†Corruption In America†) A poll in Time magazine stated that 29% of people do not believe in the American Dream anymore. Maybe that is because we no longer have faith in the govt. This could be a cause of the lies they feed to us. $38.5 billion in budget cuts are largely illusory. The Washington Post reported, â€Å"The Congressional Budget Office is saying that about $800 million in cuts are being made to domestic programs and foreign aid.† (â€Å"Corrupted!†) The U.S. government is spending over $2 million a minute. With the National Debt rising, the unemployment line growing, and cuts to things like health care and public housing, where is all this money going? Law enforcement agencies are considered key agents in peace-building and post-conflict reconstruction efforts. For that reason, massive resources from the international community haveShow MoreRelatedThe Lack Of The Political Corruption1807 Words   |  8 Pagesone of the largest negative consequences of the political corruption was t he laziness that was displayed officials. To the understanding of the officials, once they were in power, there was no real need to do anything or make any changes. This could potentially stem from the idea that they did not really have any true ideas on how to fix any of the problems that the local populations were concerned about. Many of these men seemed to lack real political experience but decided to run for office becauseRead MoreEssay on Political Corruption2339 Words   |  10 PagesPolitical corruption is a serious problem limiting development in emerging economies. Many scholars have identified corruption as the new enemy of democratization, blaming it for limiting political and socio-economic development of most developing nations (Bardhan P.,1997; Seligson M., 2002, Canache D. and Allison M., 2005). Although no one can really measure â€Å"corruption† due to its discrete nature and the different discourses defining it, citizen’s perception of corruption can give us an idea ofRead MoreThe Issue Of Political Corruption1791 Words   |  8 PagesThe issue of political corruption is as persistent as it is prevalent; that is to say, it exists ambiguously, politically, and in undefined terms. Generally, political corruption is understood to mean a breach of the public trust in the course of a politician’s duties (Huigens 2010). In any democracy that is truly ‘for the people by the people,’ it should be easy to weed out the corrupt politicians. That said, the corruption of any one politician does not always translate to a different electionRead MorePolitical Corruption and Empowerment1889 Words   |  8 Pageslives but should be given the opportunity where possible. Empowerment Empowerment is an initiated process that enables the masses to gain power and extend it in such a way that they can use this power to share in changing social, economic and political structures. Empowerment is successful if the participants regard the result of their action as beneficial. Therefore participation is a cornerstone of empowerment. It is a prerequisite for achieving empowerment. Empowerment is one of the consequencesRead MorePolitical Corruption And Its Effect On Society Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pages Corruption is one disease that seems to be everywhere. Different nations of the world experience corruption in different ways, areas and levels. Although there are different ways corruption affect nations, one fact that most people can agree on is that most often corruption tends to destroy a country rather than build it. I stand corrected but every country is corrupted in one way or the other because there’s no one clear way of defining corruption. Using the Merriam Webster definitionRead MoreCorporate Influence And Political Corruption1383 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s society many Americans believe that there is corruption within politics. According to Jeffrey Milyo author of Corporate Influence and Political Corrupti on, a nationally representative opinion survey done in 2008 states that, â€Å"a little more than 50 percent of respondents agreed that corruption in the federal government is widespread and an extremely serious concern, while fewer than five percent considered corruption in the federal government to be rare or not a concern† (Konisky, MilyoRead More Political Corruption in Bangladesh Essay3158 Words   |  13 PagesPolitical Corruption in Bangladesh In this paper I will explain how corruption in Bangladesh works, shedding light on a practice that has long kept most people wondering about who is on whose payroll and who owes whom for what. In order to do this without confusing anyone first I will explain a little about the country of Bangladesh. Next I will define corruption and explain the forms it takes, as well as why certain individuals choose to practice corruption. Finally the paper will obviously talkRead MorePolitical Corruption1391 Words   |  6 Pagescollectively decided to crack down on corruption? Is this crack-down a permanent change or just a temporary phase? a. Over a decade, Corruption has become a serious threat for every nation as it directly impacts the country’s economy thereby its overall growth at all levels. b. Corruption is considered to be a global disease which has already spread across the universe in a drastic manner and no country can be proud to say that they are corruption free. But in the recent era, many countriesRead MoreThe Ultimate Political Corruption Of William Tweed1166 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ultimate Political Corruption of William Tweed In the history of the United States there were a vast amount of political leaders and big businesses that contributed to the success of cities in our country.Greed and the need for power can consume someone and make them feel like they are unstoppable,but little do people know the judgement day is right around the corner.William Boss Tweed is a prime example of what the need for power and greed will do to a person.William Tweed played a huge roleRead MoreEssay Political Corruption in the United States2518 Words   |  11 Pagesâ€Å"Corruption, improper and usually unlawful conduct intended to secure a benefit for oneself or another its forms include bribery, extortion, and the misuse of inside information. It exists where there is community indifference or a lack of enforcement policies.†(Encyclopedia Britannica). Today political Corruption in all forms exists in every country in the world. In some countries it is more prominent then in others, but no matter where you go it still occurs. Recently in mid 2013 some political

Macroeconomic Indicators on Stock Market â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: What Is The Impact Of Macroeconomic Factors On The Stock Market? Answer: Introducation For investors entering the stock market, assessing the financial statements of companies is not enough. There are several other macroeconomic factors that also influence the prices of stocks. These factors affect the stock market mainly via different channels and hitting on the supply and demand chains. Some of these factors include inflation, GDP growth rate, demographic changes or also monetary policies of the central bank of countries. Just like all other goods and services the theory of demand and supply also applies for stock markets. As we know, according to the theory of demand, , a fall in demand of a particular good shall decrease its price whereas an increase in demand shall increase it price (Lipsey et al., 2011). Similarly, when the supply of a good increase, its price falls whereas, a decrease in supply would increase its price. In the stock market, the same law applies. When demand for stocks increase, its price increases and vice versa whereas when supply of stocks fall its price increases and vice versa. As we see below, in the first diagram we see the shift in demand cause, which raises/lowers the price level of stocks. In the second diagram, shifts in the supply curve result in rise or fall in price. Thus in reality when a company lands up with low earnings the demand for their stock may go down which changes the equilibrium between buyers and sellers. This causes the future buyers to demand for a discount in stock price and hence, many sellers are motivated to accommodate. As more sellers exceed the number of buyers, price falls. The factors which affect the equilibrium of demand and supply are many among different macroeconomic factors. We shall discuss further about each of such factors. Demographic trends or transition also turn out to be a factor which can have major impact on stock markets. In the 21st century, one of the major demographic phenomenons is population aging. This aging of the population is occurring as due to high life expectancy and low fertility rates, the proportion of the population aged 65 and above is continuously increasing. The major proportion of the working age population which is moving towards retirement constituted of the percentage investing the most on stock markets. As these persons retire, the overall demand for stocks will fall and cause changes in the equilibrium. The consequences of demographic transition is still under research and studied by several analysts and economists. Many researchers also reported that population aging will not have significant effects on the financial markets (Bakshi et al., 2000). Gross domestic product which is the total amount of final goods and services produced in an economy may also affect the stock market, but its effects are still debatable among economists. GDP or GDP growth rate is also a measure of a countrys economic performance (Samuelson et al, 2000). Theoretically it is expected that a country which is healthy and growing, hence, with higher GDP is expected to cause higher demands in the stock market and also higher supplies, and with better stock market returns. At such situations when the country is growing companies or businesses also enjoy higher earnings and profits which attract more investors. On the other hand, lower GDP values may also have a negative impact on the stock market considering the aggregate demand of the economy falls. This theory is based on the fact that GDP is the aggregate of consumption, investments, government consumption and net exports. Thus any acceleration in these factors shall also have a positive impact on corpo rate sales. Higher earnings of corporate will lead to a higher earnings per share (EPS) which will translate into higher market returns (Levine et al, 2000). Though theory says this, reality is seen to be different in the short run at least. For instance if we consider the 2008 Financial crisis, we saw the stock market returns fell by 40 to 60% but that was not translated into a fall in GDP by 50%. But the theory is more justified in the longer run, where we see that many companies like United States have seen a rising trend in the stock market returns since 50 years or so which was because the country also saw higher levels of GDP and rising economic growth over the same period. The relationship between growth rates and stock markets are still found to ambiguous and still researched upon. Inflation is another factor which also has its effects on stock markets. It is the rate at which prices of goods and services rise over a period. Hence, higher rates of inflation are linked with higher costs of producing goods and services and in such a situation the company faces a cost constraint where it has to produce less and also lay off workers. At these situations, investors also perceive companies to hold back on spending which gives a negative outlook to investors and also the demand for the stocks fall. Thus, with higher costs there is also a fall in revenue, resulting inflation to have adverse effects on the stock market. When the economy faces the threat of an escalating inflation, the central bank of the country tries to control it through interest rates. It raises interest rates and expects investors to allocate their cash in fixed income instruments and hence, driving away excess liquidity from the system. Less liquidity in the system implies less speculative demand for goods and services which shall slow down the rise in prices. The rise in interest rates shall attract investors because of higher risk free return which is bearish for the stock market, as it reduces demand and hence reduces stock prices. It also happens that when higher inflation is expected, the uncertainty tends to increase the risk premium leading to higher expected returns from the stock markets (Feldstein, 2000). The opposite of inflation is deflation when prices fall. It may be thought that deflation may not be a problem for stock markets, but what happens is the opposite. Deflation acts as an indicator representing a weak economy and hence, drives away investors from investing in stocks. It implies companies earning smaller amount of profits, leading them t shrink as it lays off workers, reduces employee wages, cut on production costs or may even close production facilities. The prices of equity fall as people sell off investments which do not offer good returns anymore. As we saw above, in times of high inflation or deflation, the central bank steps forward and use various monetary or fiscal instruments to siphon off liquidity from the system. At these situations the central bank opts for various monetary and fiscal policies which may be expansionary or contractionary in nature. Expansionary policies of the central bank are when it injects money into the system whereas the opposite holds for contractionary policy. Fiscal expansionary policy leads to expansion of aggregate demand and consumer spending as with higher government expenditures and with tax cuts the liquidity in the system is increased (Mankiw, 2015). This increased aggregate demand shall increase consumption and investment which is translated as higher earnings for companies leading to higher EPS and thus, greater demand in the stock market (Duffy et al, 2013). On the other hand, expansionary monetary policy occurs when financial conditions are improved instead of demand. As we mentioned before, just like when central bank increases interest rates which leads to a fall in demand in the stock market, a decrease in interest rates pumps up profits as demand increases and leads to rise in prices. This happens in case of expansionary monetary policy, which improves the balance sheet of companies. Thus we saw, how via different channels of macroeconomic factors, hits the supply and demand of stock markets which brings changes in the equilibrium in the market and what follows is a fall or rise in price. A new investor in the market should investigate the current situation of the economy as well as expectations of changes in several macroeconomic factors which shall indirectly affect stock markets. References Duffy, D, Filis, G Chatziantoniou, I. (2013). Stock market response to monetary and fiscal policy shocks, JEL Bakshi, G Chen, Z. (2000). Baby boom, Population aging and capital markets. The journal of business. Feldstein, M. (2000). Inflation and the stock market, https://www.nber.org/chapters/c11335.pdf [Accessed 12th May 2017] Levine, R Zervos, S. (2000). Stock markets, banks and economic growth. The American economic review. Samuelson, P. Nordhaus, W. (2010). Economics. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Mankiw, G. (2015). Macroeconomics. New York: Worth publishers Lipsey, R. Chrystal, A. (2011). Economics. New Delhi : Oxford

Corporate Takeovers in the US Oil and Gas Sector

Questions: 1. Shortage of funds of sub-$50/bbl in the context of projects and dividends?2. Abolishing production-maximizing policies?3. Procedures that can be adopted to achieve a low carbon global world? Answers: Introduction The following essay evaluates the global market conditions in the oil and gas industry, emphasizing on Big Oil companies. The Big Oil consists of major international oil companies, which are spread globally. These oil entities are the world leaders in oil and gas sectors in the country. It is currently is facing an economic meltdown with decreasing oil prices, lack of fossil fuels and harmful carbon emissions degrading the environment. However, big oil entities needs to continuously pay dividends to the investors, to seek their support in building the environment. On the other hand, Ahmad (2014) stated that big oil companies needs to re-consider its maximum production capacities, which are leading to global warming. Big oil companies are facing severe lack of funds with several brands delaying its projects. Production costs have been cut down, with a huge drop in total earnings from the last year. In its effort to rectify the situation, the brand has shifted to production that makes lesser use of carbon. Big Oil is facing several obstacles in its path, and its survival depends on adapting to changing circumstances in the oil and gas sector. 1. Shortage of funds of sub-$50/bbl in the context of projects and dividends Ju, et al. (2015) opined that the collective earnings of four of the biggest oil companies Royal Dutch shell PLC, Exxon Mobil Corp, BP PLC, Chevron Corp; collective earnings have decreased by 70% from the previous year. However, in the same period, big oil companies have paid almost $28 billion as dividends to their shareholders. Wilson and VanBriesen (2012) argued that this was at least 10% increase from the previous period. It is estimated, that the dividends to be paid would be consistent, and not unpredictable like the oil prices. The total collective earnings of prominent oil companies- Royal Dutch ShellPLC,Exxon MobilCorp.,ChevronCorp.andBPPLC have fallen by 70% in the current financial year (Aloui et al. 2014). Oil prices are currently valued above $40 a barrel. According to Handfield et al. (2015), this is the lowest price since August, the last year. As such, there has been a shortage of funds at Big Oil companies. These entities believe that they have a strong financial condition, which would provide them with additional funds as and when required. Oil majors believe they have to pay regular dividends to avail investors. However, this can be harmful in the long run, and can affect the cash position of the companies. The worlds biggest oil companies are striving hard to achieve enough income to balance operational costs and dividends. Wilson and VanBriesen (2012) argued that this shortfall in funds reflects the existing state of Big Oil companies like Exxon, Shell and Chevron. The decreasing prices of oil have been a regular feature in the last 16 months. Major oil companies have reduced production costs by $30 million in the recent months, and have initiated the laying off process of employees. In addition, this has resulted in projects being delayed, with more cuts expected. As per investment bank Oppenheimer and Co, energy investor must now plan differently, due the depleted state of the existing oil companies. On the contrary, Davies et al. (2014) mentioned that decreasing production expenses could negatively influence the production capacity of Big Oil Entities. In an effort to implement cost cuts, four major BIG oil entities have postponed production of about 7.3 billions of natural gas and other liquid resources. It is the believe at Big Oil that to achieve business sustainability, operational expenditures need to be reduced than cutting down on payment of dividends. Murray (2013) has stated that without m reducing dividends by a substantial percentage would discourage investors from investing. In addition, this would not reflect well on brand reputation and goodwill of Big Oil companies in the market. Exxxons dividend has a growth rate of 6.4% per year in the last 33 years (Stackhouse and Stewart 2016). Chevron, Shell and BP have made dividends payments a priority irrespective of the market condition. The prominent energy companies emphasize on payment of dividend to investors, without considering reduced profits followed by a decreasing oil prices. Italian oil and gas entity Eni Spa has been the only exception, by reducing dividend payments by 30%, when compared to the last year (Chong et al. 2014, p. 015). 2. Abolishing production-maximizing policies According to Pedroni et al. (2013), a large portion of oil in the Middle East, coal in Australia, US and China and other fossils would have to reserved, to avoid dangerous climate change. As such, it becomes necessary to retain temperature to about the permissible 2C safety limit or below. As per the recent research published in the Journal nature, the facts and figures relating to unused fossil fuels and its locations have been stated, to prevent any dramatic changes in climate. The research work has implemented established economic models to predict that effective climate strategies would adopt cheapest fossil fuels in its production process. Using expensive fuels priced highly, which would emit carbon within the permissible limits, is also an option for manufacturing entities, which require a large amount of fossil fuel. However, Kelland (2014) mentioned that technology to remove carbon emissions have not beneficial to the global climate in general. Besides this, the technology has made no impact in retaining unused natural gas and coal. Prominent fossil fuel entities like Lukoil, Exxon Mobil, BP, Gazprom and Chevron have large oil and gas reserves (Fidler 2013). If they continue with a production maximizing policy, these natural reserves would be depleted within a short period. Coal is considered as the most harmful pollutant of all fossil fuels. As such, 82% of global coal reserves must be left untouched, to deal with global warming and climate change (Handfield et al. 2015). In countries like Australia, US and Russia all most 90% of the coal reserves have to be left unused to retain healthy climatic conditions. As per Palmer (2013) in the case of natural gas, 50 % of the global reserves should not be burned. However, important gas producers in the Russia and Middle East have to leave substantial portion underground to achieve healthy weather conditions in these places. Moreover, Europe and the United States can use almost 90% of the gas reserves, to replace coal and provide power to local entities. Fidler (2013) mentioned that only a one-third of the global oil reserves must be left untouched. As such using if oil resources would not posses any major threat to the weather conditions. However, Pribadi et al. (2014) stated that the Middle East is required t o leave almost 260bn barrels of oil in the underground, to maintain environmental balance in the region. Despite of the danger towards environmental degradation, large amount of investments are made to explore newer sources of oil and gas reserves (Stern 2014). In the previous year, fossil fuel entities incurred expenditure to the amount of $67o bn on finding better oil and gas resources (Fidler 2013). The trend relating to finding better resources of fossil fuels can be extremely harmful to the environment. In addition, experts at Big Oil feel that unconventional fossil fuel like Canadas Tar cannot be used, and should be left in the ground (Cox et al. 2016). Financial expert at Bank of England and Goldman Sachs believes that there is an inherent risk in expensive fossil fuel projects, since they are likely to incur losses due to adverse climatic changes. Kelland (2014) highlight the contradictions in government actions in different countries. This relates to implementing measures to maximize fossil fuel production, as well taking an active part in limiting global warming. 3. Procedures that can be adopted to achieve a low carbon global world The following are the plans made by oil companies to adjust to a low-carbon global world. Using natural gas Murray (2013) asserted that fossil fuels would constitute around 50 % of the global energy sources, in the current year. As such, using natural resources would produce very less carbon dioxide than in coal. Carbon dioxide being a harmful air pollutant can cause considerable damage to the atmosphere, and to the business sustainability of major oil companies (Ahmad 2014). As such, experts believe that natural gas can play a prominent role in reducing carbon dioxide in the air. Thus, Big Oil companies can adopt this approach in preservation of natural gas and utilizing it, without any wastage remains an important concern for big oil companies. Emissions from global supply chain Mitchell and Mitchell (2014) stated that due to the presence of methane, a strategic plan must be implemented to reduce methane emission form the manufacturing process. As such, required measures would assist to not only curb carbon dioxide levels, but also setting stricter methane emission goals. As per the sustainable gas institute, methane emission remains a primary concern, in reducing carbon monoxide levels in the air. Utilization of advanced technology mechanisms can reduce emission of methane largely. The necessary awareness to climate risk Business models must consider preservation of natural resources, in developing a successful business model. Oil entities need to be innovative and emit less amount of carbon dioxide as possible. Implementing a carbon-free production process would assist Big Oil to negate any harm to the social and environmental aspects in the community. In the global market scenario, the brands operating in the oil and gas industry would have to strictly monitor their business operational policies to prevent any damage to environment. Commercial Energy Handfield et al. (2015) mentioned that oil and gas companies could diversify into producing renewable energy. Big oil companies have begun investing into renewable energy by using wind power at the sea. As such, it becomes essential that oil and gas companies look for other means to production of energy. Innovation and investment in research and development is essential to the development of alternative means in developing commercial energy in the country. Huge carbon cost According to Mitchell and Mitchell (2014), a number of large business groups like BG group, BP, Statoli in the recent times introduced the global carbon price. Global carbon price is the standard cost of carbon determined by the major oil companies in the world. In this manner, use of carbon would be less in the production process. Big Oil companies can decide on a pre- settled price, so that buyers would be forced to look into other means of production. Carbon storage Fidler (2013) opined that Carbon storage techniques have evolved in the modern age, due to the wastage of oil and gas resources in the country. Big oil is using the technique of carbon capture and storage to deal with greenhouse gas emissions. Cox and Ng (2016) mentioned that this would guard against 75-90% of carbon dioxide generated from a power plant from entering the atmosphere. In the current times, CSS power projects have been a relevant part in the effort to reduce carbon emission. Last year, the first large scale power sector CSR project became operational in Canada Recommendations - The following recommendation can be made to assist Big Oil in recovering from the present situation Costeffective production- The brand can use cost effective production measures to offer quality products at reasonable price to corporate clients. As such adopting harsh production measures can further lead to global warming and environmental degradation. Hence, this would not help the firm to achieve business sustainability or corporate reputation and goodwill of the firm. Besides this, delaying business projects due to a lesser production budget would hamper the growth prospects of the brand in the end. Thus, the brand needs to change its production process from cost-cutting strategy to a cost effective strategy. Alteration in business policies- Big Oil can modify is production strategies, to avoid incurring unnecessary expenditure. The aggressive production policy adopted by these major oil entities cannot be reasonable, where prices of fuels has been decreasing at an alarming rate Conclusion It can be stated that Big Oil is currently in a continuous path of decline and is facing severe business crisis. Its lack of profitability in recent times, have contributed towards its downfall. However, the brand has implemented towards shifting to low priced non-carbon production procedures that can reduce production costs and carbon emissions in oil and natural gas productions. Besides this, the brands have adopted latest storage procedures to address issues in its production process. Through this, Big Oil feels that this would enable the brand to adapt to changing market conditions in the market. Industry experts believe that the Big Oils business strategy of maximum production has been adversely harming the environment and business prospects of Big Oil in the global market. Big Oil brand pay regular dividends to investors. As such, they have to make a balance between paying dividends and keeping surplus funds in times of crisis. Big oil needs to be proactive and implement strong measures in such a volatile market environment. References Ahmad, A., 2014.Examining risk behavior and risk management practices in oil and gas construction industry(Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Faculty of Management). Aloui, R., Assa, M.S.B., Hammoudeh, S. and Nguyen, D.K., 2014. Dependence and extreme dependence of crude oil and natural gas prices with applications to risk management.Energy Economics,42, pp.332-342. Chong, Y., Hongye, J., Anlin, Y. and Dongye, Z., 2014. Study on Risk Management Effectiveness Evaluation of the Third Party Damage for Oil and Gas Pipeline.Technology Supervision in Petroleum Industry,1, p.015. Cox, R.A. and Ng, A., 2016. Corporate takeovers in the US oil and gas sector.Journal of Economic Financial Studies,4(1), pp.23-34. Davies, R.J., Almond, S., Ward, R.S., Jackson, R.B., Adams, C., Worrall, F., Herringshaw, L.G., Gluyas, J.G. and Whitehead, M.A., 2014. Oil and gas wells and their integrity: Implications for shale and unconventional resource exploitation.Marine and Petroleum Geology,56, pp.239-254. Fidler, C., 2013. Arctic Offshore Oil and Gas Development: Advancing the Efficacy of Environmental Management through Regional Strategic Environmental Assessment. Handfield, R.B., Primo, M. and de Oliveira, M.P.V., 2015. The role of effective relationship management in successful large oil and gas projects Insights from procurement executives.Journal of Strategic Contracting and Negotiation,1(1), pp.15-41. Ju, K., Su, B., Zhou, D., Zhou, P. and Zhang, Y., 2015. Oil price crisis response: Capability assessment and key indicator identification.Energy,93, pp.1353-1360. Kelland, M.A., 2014.Production chemicals for the oil and gas industry. CRC press. Mitchell, J.V. and Mitchell, B., 2014. Structural crisis in the oil and gas industry.Energy Policy,64, pp.36-42.Structural crisis in the oil and gas industry.Energy Policy,64, pp.36-42.Structural crisis in the oil and gas industry.Energy Policy,64, pp.36-42. Murray, K.E., 2013. State-scale perspective on water use and production associated with oil and gas operations, Oklahoma, US.Environmental science technology,47(9), pp.4918-4925. Palmer, K., 2013. Environmental Management of Oil and Gas Activities in the Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf of New Zealand.Journal of Energy Natural Resources Law,31(2), pp.123-146. Pedroni, P.M., Jaramillo, H., Torres, C.M.D.L., Navarrete, Z.H., Bernalà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ramirez, J. and Reed, T., 2013. A partnership approach to addressing applied ecological research needs of an oil and gas business.Journal of Applied Ecology,50(3), pp.539-543. Stackhouse, M.R. and Stewart, R., 2016. Failing to Fix What is Found: Risk Accommodation in the Oil and Gas Industry.Risk Analysis. Stern, J., 2014. International gas pricing in Europe and Asia: A crisis of fundamentals.Energy Policy,64, pp.43-48. Wilson, J.M. and VanBriesen, J.M., 2012. Oil and gas produced water management and surface drinking water sources in Pennsylvania.Environmental Practice,14(04), pp.288-300.

Occupational Analysis Inventory Essay Example

Occupational Analysis Inventory Essay Occupational Analysis Inventory. Mohammed Adnan Waseem. Course Title: Advances in HRD Supervisor: Prof. Dr Syed Tahir Hijazi. What is Job Analysis? Acquiring information about the jobs in the organization is much important especially for Human Resource department. A job is a schedule of tasks, duties and responsibilities that can be performed by a jobholder. Job analysis is to study these schedules of activities to find out tasks, duties and responsibilities needed for each job. So we can say that, process of collecting and organizing knowledge about a specific job and its requirements is called job analysis For job analysis, questionnaires are basic requirement. There are different types of questionnaires being used to carry out job analysis procedure. One of them is Occupational Analysis Inventory, which is discussed in detail in coming lines. Occupational Analysis Inventory: The Occupational Analysis Inventory contains 617 descriptions of work activities and conditions also called work elements† on the basis of which occupations are rated. In some references number of elements is 622. ) The OAI work elements were produced within the broad framework of an information processing paradigm. It is a useful tool for collecting highly specific and related information about a job. The OAI reveals following five major categories: (1) Information Received, (2) Mental Activities, (3) Work Behavior, (4) Work Goals, (5) Work environment. These major categories a re further subdivided regarding to selected conceptual framework pertaining to the human behavior and work requirements. We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Analysis Inventory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Analysis Inventory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Analysis Inventory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Model for the Occupational Analysis Inventory: AIl respondents have to rate each job element by selecting from four ratings given below: (1) part-of-job, (2) extent, (3) application, (4) a special scale designed for the element. Uses: OAI has a very vast use, from Army to industry, etc. The OAI has been used to gather information on 1,400 (approximately) jobs selected to represent five major occupational categories. To cope with the changing nature of the organizational activities, occupational analysis and classification system keeps an eye on the characteristics of the person performing the job, the context in which he or she is performing it and what output is being produced by him/her in the presence of (maybe) unstable environmental, economic, demographic and technological conditions. Implications for the Army: As other private and public organizations, Army is also experiencing changes in the nature of work. It is considered that these changes can create pressure in the structure and content of soldier’s duties. To meet these challenges OAI is considered very useful technique. Results: There are almost four main points that are emerging from OAI. Three relates to increasing heterogeneity of employers, jobs, and the workplace environment, and the fourth focuses on the need for an orderly approach to understanding work dynamics. First, the workforce is becoming more diverse with respect to demographics; these dynamics appear to have resulted in greater heterogeneity within traditional occupational categories. Second, the differentiation among jobs and departments is becoming another threatening issue. Third the work structure issue appears to be increasing, and these decisions are interdependent. The fourth and final theme emerges from this interdependency. Limitations: Results obtained by Occupational Analysis Inventory have been moderate not so much reliable. According to some analysts, their level is almost lower than other used methods (e. g. PAQ , WPS etc. ). Why do Occupational Analysis? There are three reasons that why we use OAI: . It is an appropriate way which guarantees highly competitive recruiting, hiring, classifying, training, promoting and out-placing your most valuable resource (your workforce); 2. Its an easy way to train and retain the best qualified people; 3. It is a more flexible on the item inventories (tasks, competencies, knowledge-skill-abilities, etc. ) Comparison with other Methods: If we compare it with Fleishman Job Analysis Survey, F-JAS model is a system to describe jobs from the point of view of necessary capacities. While OAI was designed to yield more specific job information relating to all elements of job, not only necessary capacities. If we compare it with Functional Job Analysis, FJAS requires specific additional skills or others that may not be as necessary as originally thought for conducting the survey. In this way it becomes specific task not a general purpose. While in OAI, there is no limitation of this type. If we compare it with MOSAIC, MOSAIC uses (almost) close ended questions, which limits its results. Because questionnaires at this level should be a mixture of both (open ended and close ended). Another negative of MOSAIC is that, it takes 151 job elements rated in terms of importance for effective job performance, while OAI uses 617 job elements. If we compare it with Position Analysis Questionnaire, PAQ does not describe the tasks, technologies, or duties of jobs. It just measures job characteristics and relates them to human characteristics. While OAI describes the occupation in much details. If we compare it with Work Profiling System, WPS is only computer-administered on-site at a company. It just measures ability and personality attributes, while leaving others.

Cause and Effect Essay on Technology

Cause and Effect Essay on Technology Cause and Effect Essay on Technology Technology has been part of mans development since the first man took up a dried husk to scoop up water. Over the millenniums technology developed from using stones as rudimentary tools to such developments as sending men to the moon, or probes into our galaxy and beyond. The debate has long raged as to whether technology is the cause or the effect of situations. Water technology, which is vital to mans existence, is an example that mans need drives technology. Early man simply lived beside Lakes Rivers or streams. Their numbers were small and the supply immense renewed every rainy season. In Egypt, the Nile flooded every year depositing silt. However, to grow crops it was necessary to develop technology. This was the cause or reason for their effort. They had this fertile soil, a mighty river of fresh water, but to farm they needed to bring water from the river to the fields. They soon developed a system of canals, and buckets mounted on frames to lift water from the river into the canals. The effects were staggering. Not only did they feed themselves, soon they became the breadbasket of the known world. This had further effect in that it caused businesses to develop, trade in many imports and wealth to pay for it. Finally, it paid for further technological development in areas such as military power. In Europe as populations grew and formed towns water supply was a critical issue. The need for water began to drive technological development. Most these towns started next to a water supply, but as numbers grew, there was not enough. An example was Rome. The city was built on the Tiber River, which met the need. However, as the city grew the Tiber was not sufficient. Distances from the river grew, and pollution from human waste contaminated it. Technology was called for to solve the problem. Roman engineers came up with technology to solve it. Aqueducts were built running from the mountains where there was abundant fresh water. Pumps were designed to lift water, and to push it. Soon Rome was fed with clean water via these aqueducts, some of which survive until today. The effects were many. First, the city could grow unhindered by water restrictions. Rome became the centre of a 1000-year empire, had flush toilets, running water for baths, and fountains throughout the city. After the empire collapsed, it was for the next 1000 years the centre of religious and political power in Europe. In the colonization of the United States the small villages, who drew water from the river they were built beside began to grow. One of the reasons was the waves of new immigrants coming to settle. Villages grew to become towns and cities. Water was essential and new technologies were needed as mega cities emerged. Without water, New York or Los Angeles would not exist and without technology, there would be no water. There are 3.8 million people live in this desert like area and city. Their water comes from other states via aqueducts. The Hoover Dam was built on the Colorado River in Nevada, and water channeled from there to California. The Hoover dam was a technological miracle. Its effect is to supply the mega Californian city Los Angeles with water, and the powerful Californian economy. Without it, Los Angeles could not exist. Water technology is the cause that we have our great mega cities and their wonderful contributions to our societies. Tips for writing this cause and effect essay: To write a cause and effect essay, you need to select an event that resulted in various effects. Explain what the event was, and why it happened. You may need to narrow a broad topic. Do this by choosing a category that interests you. Do your research and once you have gathered your material analyze it. Divide it into two sections, the cause and effect. Create a simple thesis statement and the start by introducing the cause. Once you have clearly explained it, then start to explain the effects in a logical manner. Wrap it up with a simple summary of your points. Hire an essay writer online at and have your cause and effect paper written from scratch. High-quality custom essay writing with on-time delivery.

Lessons from Visual Representation of War in Iraq Essay

Lessons from Visual Representation of War in Iraq - Essay Example Gruesome videos and photographs emerged documenting the torture at Abu Ghraib, of the Iraqi prisoners by American soldiers (Giroux 2004). The consequences of the torture of Iraq detainees by United States soldiers are far reaching. Following the release of the photos by the press, people have questioned the legitimacy of US activities and goals in Iraq. This essay will highlight the lessons learnt from the visual representation of the war in Iraq. Discussion Prisoner Abuse The abuse of prisoners in Abu Ghraib can be learnt from the visual representation of the war in Iraq. Following the appearance of photographs in the news in April 2004, the Iraqi and world opinion shifted against the US. These revelations led to reports and investigations in which analysts found out that the medical personnel of the US military was involved in the abuses perpetrated in Abu Ghraib. Photographs were released to the press following the reporting of Iraqi prisoners’ abuses by a police sergeant w ho was working at the prison facility in Abu Ghraib. Upon investigation, a report was produced and released to the press. ... However, the administration which was under Bush claimed that it was a case of few individuals (Giroux, 2004). The culture of the military is highly depicted through the representation of torture in the photographs. Some of the individuals who were responsible for the atrocities committed on Iraqi detainees. However, according to Bartone, (2010), majority of the service members in the US military were not capable of taking part in the torture of the detainees and were dismayed by the acts of their counterparts. They indicated that the scandal of Abu Ghraib was a major stressor and a violation of humanitarian and democratic ideals that the US military was advocating for. Individual and situational factors have been depicted following the emergence of the picture detailing the torture at Abu Ghraib. Under the situation in which the military was placed in at Abu Ghraib, there was the likelihood of development of sadistic tendencies on the part of the soldiers. The prison environment was responsible for development of sadistic tendencies depicted in the nature of torture the officers meted on Iraqi detainees. Situational factors The visual representation of the war in Iraq highlights the ambiguity in command chain in the US military that was deployed in Iraq. The atrocities highlighted in the photos were committed due to confusion and uncertainty as to who was in charge and responsible for ensuring that the military did not go overboard. The Taguba report, which detailed the events that transpired in Abu Ghraib, indicated that during the time when the torture was taking place, there was a major conflict between the commanders of the Military Intelligence Brigade and the commander of 800th brigade. Consequently, the American soldiers who were at the Abu Ghraib

Impact of poverty In Africa Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Impact of poverty In Africa - Term Paper Example These reasons include armed conflicts, corruption, poor leadership, under utility of land and natural resources, lack of education and spread of diseases due to illegal sexual relations. These problems have adversely affected the life of African in the past and it is being affecting continuously at present as well. (Illife, 1987) Lack of economic activity is another cause of poor life style of Africans. Despite all the potentials, the economy could not deliver due to above-mentioned reasons. Therefore, the continent is unable to overcome the menace of poverty. People lack basic health facilities and lack of pure drinking water. High inflation rate and low GDP has troubled African life despite getting financial assistance from big powers (Illife, 1987). Leadership has not made any efforts to start economic progress in order to lift the life of their fellow citizens. Africa is unable to recover from poverty issue in modern era as well. Impact of poverty in Africa, impact on economic de velopment and present poverty situation shall be discussed in this paper. Mismanagement of land has affected the Africa badly. Despite availability of cultivable land south of Sahara desert, local people do not own land. About 80% South African land is owned by the European settlers of 19th century. This prevented the local people from producing agricultural products for themselves. Lack of food resulted in extreme poverty and deprivation in African people. (Illife, 1987) World has given Africa about 500 billion US dollars for poverty alleviation and economic growth in Africa. Unfortunately, large amount of money was invested in weapons and rest could not reach to deserving people due to corruption by government officials. Therefore only small amount has been used for social services, medical, education and jobs. (White & Killick, 2001) Corruption has also aided to miseries of people. Economic activities are nonexistent due to absence of a capital. People are hard pressed to manage food for daily use. Corruption resulted in lack of agricultural and industrial activity. Snatching of food and other commodities is on the rise. Lack of pure drinking water and mixture of sewerage water caused diseases in Africa. Only 2% people manage to get AIDS treatment. Malaria and cholera are also cause of huge death rate of people in Africa. (Fages, 1999) Civil wars and conflicts between countries are main causes of poverty in Africa. Civil wars resulted in shutting down all government services, affecting trade and economy in Sierra Leone and other parts of Africa. (Illife, 1987) Poverty has long lasting influence on economic development. If we see impact of poverty in Africa than the major effect is high birth rate. Although there is general understanding, that economic development helps in decreasing the birth rate but the exact proportion cannot be judged. Without poverty alleviation of economic activity cannot take place. If hunger and starvation of people is not addressed and they are not provided with the basic health facilities than economic growth cannot take a rapid start. Sierra lone is the African territory where hunger and starvation on the rise despite presence of diamond at the Sierra Leone soil. (Fages, 1999) Poverty is related to many other things that have direct impact on economic growth. Lack of education, bad health and insecurity affects the economic growth of a nation. Lack of education results in non-availability of skilled manpower. Unskilled manpower cannot play effective role in economic progress. But there are examples in the world where poverty did not show great influence on econ

A Problem Exists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A Problem Exists - Essay Example And above all, considering the aspect of consulting group activities may give rise to groupism within the classroom environment and also at times may involve a substantial time to find solution to the stated problem. Emphasizing these disadvantages the paper further recommends certain solution measures in resolving the identified issue. A Problem Exists With the advent of globalization and the rapid development in the field of technology, it has been viewed that competitiveness amid people to strengthen their professional identification and recognition in the global world, is also growing at a rapid pace. Correspondingly, English as a language has become one of the mostly used and demanded skills among competent professionals around the globe in today’s increasingly competitive business world. People strive to learn the language as it provides them additional opportunity to get a better job in the corporate world. Considering the growing needs of the language it has been viewe d that people, especially from the Asian region are moving to western countries to pursue their higher education and also to gain proficiency in the language. However, it has been viewed that numerous problem exist amid them when they move to the countries like the US or the UK. In this context, various solutions have been identified, which would help in mitigating the identified problem of foreign learners facing problem in speaking English owing to their perceived discrimination, if implemented effectively (Kuwahara, 2005). Thesis Statement With reference to the identified problem i.e. perceived discrimination among English learners from foreign communities, it has been viewed that the issues can be considered as a minor problem in-contrast to other glitches that exist worldwide. However, it is worth mentioning that the prescribed solutions for the establishment of special class sessions, conducting group activities, working in collaboration with special organizations and proving learning materials like audio clips among others may contain certain loop holes. This thesis will therefore intend to identify three possible disadvantages that may obstruct the effective implementation of the prescribed solutions. Discussion The problem area of perceived discrimination amid English learners from foreign communities is considered to be one of the major problems in the academic sector, especially in the western countries. With the growing need of English language, it has been viewed that people from Asian countries are migrating in the US and the UK as research conducted by many prestigious centers have listed these two nations to offer services of the world’s best universities and colleges resulting in attracting more foreign students and professors in the search of academic excellence (TSL Education Ltd., 2010). However, as English is considered to be the prime language spoken in these nations, foreigners’ ability to speak in this language often raise s barriers to their performance and duration of them to be settled in these western societies. It has often been viewed in this context that there exists a sense of perceived disc

Research On The Importance Of Market Efficiency Finance Essay

Research On The Importance Of Market Efficiency Finance Essay Liquidity is a very desirable characteristic for a financial market product. Moreover, efficient market is one where the market price is an unbiased estimate of the true value of the investment. The concept of efficiency is central to finance. Primarily, the term efficiency is used to describe a market in which relevant information is impounded into the price of financial assets. Efficiency is central to finance. Market efficiency is guided by two principles which are Information and competition. Systematic and good market efficiency leads to market pricing .Any buyer who is willing to buy a product wants to be fully satisfied with the product that the seller is selling to him. Past, present and even discounted future events are reflected in market price but often show no apparent relation to price changes. Efficient markets hypothesis does not rule out small abnormal returns, before fees and expenses. Analysts could therefore still have an incentive to acquire and act on valuable information, though investors would expect to review no more. Only new information should affect stock prices, price changes are random and unpredictable.While it was clear that markets cannot completely be efficient in the strong forms, there was striking support for the weak and semi- strong forms. All investors aim to maximize economic utility (in other words, to make as much money as possible, regardless of any other considerations). This is a key assumption of the efficient market hypothesis The Buyers know that what is going on in the market and what is the price everywhere All investors have access to the same information at the same time. This also comes from the efficient market hypothesis. In fact, real markets contain information asymmetry, insider trading, and those who are simply better informed than others boooks se shareholders.. Importance of market efficiency It is important to understand how securities are valued because these principles provides values to the managers to keep up in managing the business in good way as it can help in dealing with the owners best interest. If stock prices are formed inefficiently, that creates the potential for inappropriate investments in the economy. If stock prices accurately reflect future firm performance, then this creates the premises for efficient resource allocation. Even if sometimes errors are made in valuation, markets can be efficient. Even if many market participants are irrational, markets can be efficient. Markets dont allow investors to earn above-average risk-adjusted returns. Implications of market efficiency They suggest that markets reach quickly to the new public information. The conditions required for markets to exist are No one investor can affect the price of the security through their own buying or selling. Information is available to the market participants all time. Investors react quickly and fully to the new information Efficient Market Hypothesis The theory that markets are efficient and all available information keeps on fluctuating with the price at any given time. It reflects all information both public and private which means all the sectors. It is associated with idea of random walk which means that if the flow of information reflects the stock prices then next days prices will reflect only next days news and will be independent of price changes today. IMPORTANCE OF EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS Stakeholders can determine the effectiveness of the appointed management by observing the stock price. Anomalies The ease of experimenting with financial databanks of almost every conceivable dimension makes it quite likely that investigators will find some seemingly significant but wholly spurious correlation between financial variables or among financial and nonfinancial datasets. Moreover, the published literature is likely to be biased in favor of reporting such results. Significant effects are likely to be published in professional journals while negative results, or boring confirmations of previous findings, are relegated to the file drawer or discarded. Data-mining problems are unique to non experimental sciences, such as economics, which rely on statistical analysis for their insights and cannot test hypotheses by running repeated controlled experiments. Share prices can be highly sensitive as a result of rational responses to small changes in interest rates and risk perceptions. Suppose stocks are priced as the present value of the expected future stream of dividends. For a long-term holder of stocks, this rational principle of valuation translates to a formula: r = D/P + g, Where r is the rate of return, D/P is the (expected) dividend yield, and g is the long-term growth rate. For present purposes, consider r to be the required rate of return for the market as a whole. Suppose initially that the riskless rate of interest on government bonds is 9 percent and that the required additional risk premium for equity investors is 2 percentage points. In this case r will be 11 percent (0.09 + 0.02 = 0.11). If a typical stocks expected growth rate, g, is 7 percent and if the dividend is $4 per share, we can solve for the appropriate price of the stock index (P), obtaining 0.11 = 07.04$+P P = $100. Now assume that yields on government bonds rise from 9 to 10 Â ½ percent, with no increase in expected inflation, and that risk perceptions increase so that stock-market investors now demand a premium of 2 Â ½ percentage points instead of the 2 points in the previous example. The appropriate rate of return or discount rate for stocks, r, rises then from 11 percent to 13 percent (0.105 + 0.025), and the price of stock index falls from $100 to $66.67: 07.013.04$+=P 67.66$=P The Performance of Professional Investors Most convincing tests of market efficiency are direct tests of the ability of professional fund managers to outperform the market as a whole. Surely, if market prices were determined by irrational investors and systematically deviated from rational estimates of the present value of corporations, and if it was easy to spot predictable patterns in security returns or anomalous security prices, then professional fund managers should be able to beat the market. Direct tests of the actual performance of professionals, who often are compensated with strong incentives to outperform the market, should represent the most compelling evidence of market efficiency Empirical Evidence Weak form efficiency is very well supported, and it is reasonable to conclude that markets are weak form efficient, although a few anomalies do exist.All information that can be derived from past performance: prices, trading volumes Semi-strong form efficiency is well supported; however, more contradictory evidence exists for this version of the EMH than for the weak form.Fundamental information, quality of management, accounting standards. Strong form efficiency is not very well supported by the evidence, and it is reasonable to conclude that markets are not strong form efficient in the strictest sense.All information about a firm, including information available only to insiders Active portfolio management Serious analyses could to pay off but they come at a very high cost and are only feasible for the managers. Passive Portfolio Management Invest in a well diversified portfolio without attempting to outperform the market. It is suggested by Efficient Market Hypothesis as compared to active portfolio management. . Elements of market efficiency Operational Efficiency The transaction cost are low which enhances the trading of securities Informational Efficiency It is one of the most important efficiency as compared to other two as it quickly reflects the market price Allocational Efficiency Securities to allocate risk Implications for investors Technical analysis TO BE REWWARDED Fundamental analysis UNLIKELY TO BE GENERATING ABNORMAL PROFIT. Investors should focus on an investing which gives them good return. Active trading strategies -UNLIKELY TO OUTPERFORM PASSIVE BUY AND HOLD STRATEGIES Implications for Corporate Finance Stock prices at historical lows are likely to go up Mean reverting interest rates means that when interest rates are high based on historical levels they are likely to come down Implications of regulators Holders of securities in a company should be treated in a fair and equitable manner Accounting and auditing standards should be of a high and internationally acceptable quality CONCLUSIONS That an efficient market is one that reacts quickly and relatively accurately to new information, and therefore its prices are correct on average. That the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) is tested in three forms; weak, semi-strong and strong. That empirical evidence suggests that markets are reasonably efficient, but not perfectly so. Investors and corporate officers should modify their behaviours and expectations in light of the evidence of market efficiency. As long as stock markets exist, the collective judgment of investors will sometimes make mistakes. Some market participants are less than rational. The market cannot be perfectly efficient or there would be no incentive for professionals to uncover the information that gets so quickly reflected in market prices Grossman and Stiglitz (1980). Undoubtedly, with the passage of time and with the increasing sophistication of our databases and empirical techniques, we will document further apparent departures from efficiency and further patterns in the development of stock returns. But I suspect that the end result will not be an abandonment of the belief of many in the profession that the stock market is remarkably efficient in its utilization of information. If any $100 bills are lying around the stock exchanges of the world, they will not be there for long.

Hamlet: Act V-scene 2 - The Climax :: essays research papers

Hamlet: Act V-Scene 2 - The Climax In Act V-Scene 2, as the play begins with Hamlet fill in the detail of what happened to him since he left Denmark, Hamlet concedes that there was a kind of fighting in his heart. But clearly his inner struggle has been manifested from the time of his first appearance in this play. Now it is to hear no more expression of self-approach or doubts that he will act positively against Claudius. What is impressive is his decisiveness. He is able to formulate a plan and to execute it without delay. He has found man's wisdom, or reason, to have its limitation: fortune, accident, chance - call it that what it will and can determine the course of events, as his own experience aboard the ship proves. He was able to find in the dark the commission for his own death; by chance, he had in his possession his father's signet for sealing the forged document. No less by chance, the pirates proved kind and, for sufficient compensation, they returned him to Denmark. Throughout the play, after we have itemized Claudius' major crimes, the Prince does not receive an answer to his question, one which is basic to his status as a moral symbol in the play: - is't not perfect conscience, To quit him with this arm? And is't not to be damn'd,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To let this canker of out nature come   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In further evil? It has been seen here a Hamlet who is still in doubt, still troubled by his conscience; and his view should not be ignored, if only because it illustrates once more the difficulties of interpretation. One may argue that there is no need for Horatio to answer Hamlet's question since he has already expressed deep shock at the latest evidence of Claudius' villainy. So the Hamlet in this scene has resolved all doubts; there is no longer a kinda of fighting in his heart. As the scene progress, Horatio reminds Hamlet that Claudius is sure to learn soon what has happened to Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, Hamlet's reply shows him to be controlled and confident. Now he expressed regret that he had so forgot himself as to offend Laertes, stating that he sees the image of his own cause in that of Ophelia's brother. Probably no more is intended that Hamlet makes reference to the fact that both have endured great losses, for Hamlet's cause transcends the personal or domestic, involving as it does the welfare of the State. The Prince's determination to win back the goodwill of Laertes make understandable his prompt agreement to participate in the fencing

The Horse Dealer’s Daughter

This presentation reviews the short story, â€Å"The Horse Dealer's Daughter,† written by D. H. Lawrence. What appears to be a desperate situation in Mabel's life turns out to be a moment of epiphany between her and Fergusson when they both realize that they have stumbled upon love inadvertently. It took life teetering on the edge to force them out of their routines to see each other in a different way. ?Animals the three sons and daughter of the horse dealer are compared to animals (mainly dogs and horses); the older brother, Joe, is described as a â€Å"subject animal† that is about to â€Å"marry and go into harness,† on the other hand, Fred Henry thinks of himself as an â€Å"animal which controls,† Mabel is named † bull-dog† by her brothers. ?They are all represented by the narrator through an imagery of four horses having no sense of direction and walking in a movement that â€Å"showed a massive, slumberous strength, and a stupidity whi ch held them in subjection. † ? Writer describes the physical attributes of the characters ? Inability of both the family and the horses to intelligently respond to situations which bewilder them and over which they have no control. ?Pond ?This drowning in the pond represents the summit of Mabel's depression and confusion. The rescue, on the other hand, represents a second chance to her. ?Dead and cold. ?Dr. Fergusson had no feelings for Mabel before the incident. The narrator describes the pond as lifeless right before the doctor had entered it. Before going in, the relationship between them was dead and cold, and they had no passionate feelings for one another. Dr. Fergusson tries to rescue Mabel for no other reason but because he was doing his job. The pond also describes Dr. Fergusson's life as dull and pointless. His life was still and silent before he had met her. ?He was afraid to go in too deep into the pond, and was afraid of drowning. This represents his fear of falling in love. He was scared of the water because he could not swim, and also because he was scared of love. He never experienced it, so it frightened him. When he finally falls in, he felt Mabel's clothing and pulled her up. This means that when he fell into the pond, he found love. ?Clothes When she is out of the wet and dirty clothes, she is freed from her troubles. The dirty clothes represent how she was before she fell in love. It also represents how she was suicidal and depressed. â€Å"She had on her best dress of black voile,† expresses her happiness and eagerness to start something new. Before she fell in love, she never wore clothing as elegant as this dress. This is something new to her and something she wants to try out. Her change of clothes also represents her change of personality and attitude. She changed from a quiet woman that always kept to herself, to a loving woman that is open- minded. She now feels that there is something to live for since there is someone to love. ?Jack, in saving her life, is bound to Mabel through saving her and this is amplified by his removing her clothes and rubbing her dry. Lawrence exhibits Mabel's life as cold, void, and depressed. Comfort was found in tending the grave of her mother. Mabel was emotionally dead. Jack Ferguson lived a routine in life. Jack was spiritually dead. Perhaps Lawrence tells us that many relationships between men and women happen, perhaps without rhyme or reason or even love.

Free Essays on Classical And Romantic Music

Prior to the twentieth century when jazz, blues, country, and rock and roll music entered the scene, almost all music was what we called â€Å"classical music.† From the 1700’s to the 1900’s classical music composed for orchestras or instruments such as flutes, trumpets, violins and pianos were played everywhere from concert halls to restaurants. Today the term â€Å"classical music† has come to define the style of Western music that began in Europe in the Middle Ages. It includes symphonies, chamber music and opera. Classical music is composed of several elements that help define its character. Since music takes place in time, rhythm is the foundation upon which every song is built. Composers determined the feel of music by alternating the pulse between fast, slow, and medium. Italian terms used in musical notation denote more than a dozen different tempos, which included allegro, moderato, and lento. Within the changing meter of rhythm, song notes of various pitches were intertwined. Tone color (timbre) distinguished the sound and characteristics that separated one instrument or voice from another. The classical era between 1750 and 1820 was defined by the great composers who were famous during that period, and the names Mozart and Beethoven stand above all others in the pantheon of Western music. Other composers, however, such as Franz Joseph Haydn and Franz Peter Schubert also contributed to the classical era. Musicians of the classical era were influenced by those of the baroque era. The classical period in music tends to be associated with the movement called the Age of Reason or the Enlightenment, which began earlier in the eighteenth century. Following the scientific and intellectual advances of the previous century, thinkers such as Voltaire, Diderot, Locke, Jefferson, and Franklin laid groundwork for a new human agenda, a willed progress toward humanitarian and democratic societies, based on the belief thr... Free Essays on Classical And Romantic Music Free Essays on Classical And Romantic Music Prior to the twentieth century when jazz, blues, country, and rock and roll music entered the scene, almost all music was what we called â€Å"classical music.† From the 1700’s to the 1900’s classical music composed for orchestras or instruments such as flutes, trumpets, violins and pianos were played everywhere from concert halls to restaurants. Today the term â€Å"classical music† has come to define the style of Western music that began in Europe in the Middle Ages. It includes symphonies, chamber music and opera. Classical music is composed of several elements that help define its character. Since music takes place in time, rhythm is the foundation upon which every song is built. Composers determined the feel of music by alternating the pulse between fast, slow, and medium. Italian terms used in musical notation denote more than a dozen different tempos, which included allegro, moderato, and lento. Within the changing meter of rhythm, song notes of various pitches were intertwined. Tone color (timbre) distinguished the sound and characteristics that separated one instrument or voice from another. The classical era between 1750 and 1820 was defined by the great composers who were famous during that period, and the names Mozart and Beethoven stand above all others in the pantheon of Western music. Other composers, however, such as Franz Joseph Haydn and Franz Peter Schubert also contributed to the classical era. Musicians of the classical era were influenced by those of the baroque era. The classical period in music tends to be associated with the movement called the Age of Reason or the Enlightenment, which began earlier in the eighteenth century. Following the scientific and intellectual advances of the previous century, thinkers such as Voltaire, Diderot, Locke, Jefferson, and Franklin laid groundwork for a new human agenda, a willed progress toward humanitarian and democratic societies, based on the belief thr...

Behavioral Aspects of People essays

Behavioral Aspects of People essays Have you ever wondered why you do something in a particular way? Or even why your family members act a certain way different from you? For years, it has been an age-old question. There are many reasons for this occurrence. Generally, they are because of physical appearance, emotional aspects, and society. Everyday, people judge each other on physical appearance. The way a person looks can determine an individuals behavior. Positive behavior towards physical appearance would be making new relationships, talking to people of different backgrounds, and helping someone in need. Negative behavior would be abusing somebody, whether it is verbally or physically, ending up in jail because of something you did, or making someone feel threatened just because you feel that they dont meet your standards of beauty. Emotional aspects also contribute to peoples behavior. For example, if an individual feels angry about something, he or she might let it out on somebody who didnt deserve it. On the other hand, if an individual portrays a positive behavior towards a person, it might help them in the long road. For example, my friend, Erica, was going to a job interview. Just before she walks into the building, somebody walks by looking depressed and down. She tries to lighten up their spirits with a joke and it worked. She enters the building and goes for her interview. Just as she enters the door, she sees the person she just joked with earlier. It is her interviewer and she gets the job because of what she did. Society is the hardest thing to face in any aspect of life. When society has been mixed with media, religion, and politics, people can behave in many different ways. Society can cause people to argue, fight, cheat, steal or kill for what society has said is right. On the other hand, society can make people more confident about themselves and others, open people to new ideas and express themselves in positive ways...

2-easy Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

2-easy Discussion Questions - Essay Example 2. The Fishbone diagram introduced by Kaoru Ishikawa and the Pareto chart by Alfred Pareto are two important analytical tools which use cause-and-effect diagrams to understand problem situations. The difference between the two in terms of function is that the Fishbone diagram is used as an analytical tool to identify the root causes (and sub causes) of the effect (the problem) in a diagram form. For example the Riordan HR projects inefficient HRIS problem can be analyzed by plotting its main causes - material, man, management, equipment, measurements or environment, which lead to an inefficient information system on a fishbone. Once the cause is found, a learning cycle is used to resolve the problem and improve the process. On the other hand the Pareto Chart is a bar graph which arranges problems in priority of importance. The function of the Pareto chart is to find solutions for improvements by identifying the major problems in terms of frequency, cost and/or time. For example a Pareto chart can be used to analyze which of the main factors, that is people, management, equipment, measurements, material or environment in order of significance of effect on inefficiency on the HRIS. This way the organization can focus on finding solutions to the problem in order of

Project (Managing Across Culture) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Project (Managing Across Culture) - Essay Example planation of Models 1.1.1 Hofstede Cultural Dimension According to the view of Geert Hofstede, culture can be best described as being the source of conflict rather than synergy; and the cultural differences as opined by him as troublesome and often a disaster. There are various practical applications on cultural differences of Geert Hofstede’s research that arises at various organisations especially for those who work in international business. If a person goes into another country and tries to make decisions the way he operates at his home country then there are chances of landing up with wrong decision. The Geert Hofstede research provides insights into different cultures with the aim to make the person more effective when interacting with others. There are five dimensions of Hofstede namely the Power distance, Individualism versus collectivism, Masculinity versus femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance and Long-Term Orientation Power Distance Index: It is the degree to which the less influential member in the organisation feels that the power is being distributed unequally. Individualism versus Collectivism: The term individualism tries to explain the fact that it is the society where the ties between the individual are often too loose. On the flip side the term collectivism refers to the society where the people right from their birth are incorporated into strong and cohesive groups. Masculinity versus femininity: It refers to the allocation of roles among the genders which is basic issue for any society for which the range of solution are found. Uncertainty Avoidance: It is the man's search for truth. It tries to indicate how the culture tries to train its members to experience either comfort or discomfort in such kind of unstructured situations. Long term Orientation versus Short term Orientation: It deals with virtues regardless of truth. The basic values that are associated with the long term orientation are carefulness and persistence while the values that are associated with the short term are fulfilling social obligation, respect for tradition (Geert Hofstede, 2009). 1.1.2 Trompenaars Cultural Dimension There are seven fundamental dimension of culture. Each one of them can be explained in brief. Universalism vs. Particularism: In case of universalism it is believed that rules and laws can be applied to everyone. On the other hand, particularism is the belief in placing emphasis on the friendship and looking forward for the situation in order to determine what is right or ethically acceptable. Individualism versus Collectivism: In case of individualism the decisions are made on the spot by the representative and there is

Planning and Time Management in ABC, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Planning and Time Management in ABC, Inc - Essay Example Robbins can analyze present use of time, prioritizing activities, using time management systems and techniques. Carl Robins has been a campus recruiter for ABC, Inc. for six months. Given this short span of time, he successfully recruited several new hires in his first recruitment effort. Carl Robbins hired 15 new trainees to work for Monica Carrolls, the Operations Supervisor. He scheduled a new hire orientation to take place June 15, hoping to have all new hires working by July. On May 15, Monica contacted Carl about the training schedule, orientation, manuals, policy booklets, physicals, drug tests, and a host of other issues, which Carl would coordinate for the new hires. Carl assured Monica that everything would be arranged in time. After Memorial Day, Carl was at his office and pulled out his new trainee file to finalize the paperwork needed for the orientation on June 15. While going through the files, Carl became concerned. Some of the new trainees did not have applications completed or their transcripts on file, and none of them had been sent to the clinic for the mandatory drug screen. He then searched the orientation manuals and found only three copies with several pages missing from each. Management is the process of planning, organising, leading and controlling all phases of business operation in order to achieve the objectives of that organisation. Effective management invariably results in business success, while ineffective management often results in business failure. Using the POLC Model of Management, the key components namely planning, organizing, leading and controlling involves the use of different skills. (Burns, 1978) Carl Robbins was assigned to arrange and prepare the orientation for the new hires. In the context of the case, Robbins is the manager for the task. Planning is an intellectually demanding process because it requires deliberate courses of action where decisions are based on purpose, knowledge and the considerable degree of estimates.     

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Example for Free

Ralph Waldo Emerson Essay Transcendentalism is the power to be an individual. Thoreau once said â€Å"Most of the luxuries and many of the so-called comforts of life are not only not indispensable, but positive hindrances to the elevation of mankind. † In this he meant that the individual didn’t need superfluities in order to happy or be one’s true self. In today’s society, this philosophy is not evident. When looking to the world around him, the individual constantly has things thrust at him telling him what he has to believe in to be liked, and what he has to look like to be accepted, and what he â€Å"needs† to be â€Å"happy†. What the individual truly needs is the ability to be an individual, the ability to be transcendental. Transcendentalism should be applied to aspects of everyday life. The ability to be independent is a driving force in the world. Self-empowerment of the individual is critical in today’s society. â€Å"Society everywhere is in conspiracy against the manhood of every one of its members. † (Emerson). Society conspires to make one like the masses and takes away one’s ability to be independent. An individual should not give into things like media to tell them how to live and live life on his own terms. One’s belief in self allows the empowerment of the individual. â€Å"Speak what you think in hard words and tomorrow speak what tomorrow thinks in hard words again, though it contradict everything you day today. † (Emerson). If one thinks something he should believe in it even if he believes in something different tomorrow. When one is an individual, he does not have to explain himself to society. The individual must be independent in order to be transcendental. â€Å"Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. † (Emerson). Society tells individuals who to be, but in order to be individuals they must not give in to societal pressures. They must be unique and have their quirks. Humanity must become a society of individuals to progress forward toward a brighter future. Society inhibits man’s ability to be independent. Society puts man at the mercy of other men. â€Å"Society is a joint-stock company in which every one if its members agree for the better of securing of his bread to each shareholder to surrender the liberty and culture of the eater. † (Emerson) One should not allow others to let his fate be at the mercy of others. If one does so, he loses his individual freedom. Society should solely be a mechanism for man. â€Å"But lo! Men have become tools of their tools! † (Thoreau). Society has transformed from being a mere apparatus of the individual to something that the individual â€Å"needs†. One need not be rich in order to be happy. â€Å"Superfluous wealth can but superfluities only. Money is not required to buy one necessary of the soul†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Thoreau). The individual is told by society that in order to be happy one must have these luxuries, but truly all one needs is simplicity. Individuals must not cave into society and instead create their own standards to live by. Transcendentalism should be utilized in all aspects of life. Humanity should follow the path of its own creation. â€Å"†¦ if one advances confidently on the direction of his dreams, and endeavors to live the life which he has imagined will meet with a success unexpected in common hours. † (Thoreau). If the individual follows his own path, he will be successful and be able to find success even when surrounded by a sea of gray. Opportunity opposes no one. â€Å"The setting sun is reflected from the windows of the almshouse as brightly as from the rich man’s adobe; the snow melts before its door as early in the spring. † (Thoreau). The opportunities of the world come equal for all despite superfluities or situation, so the individual should accept his life and progress from there. Man should look inward for his peace of mind. â€Å"Yet it is certain that the power to produce this delight does not reside in nature, but in man, or in a harmony of both. † (Emerson). To happy one cannot solely depend on the world around him. The individual must also depend on himself. Equilibrium between nature and man must be found to transform our way of life and look towards a brighter future. If society were to remain as it is now, the future for humanity looks grave. Unless humanity does something to alter its future, society will end up similar to the one in Fahrenheit 451. Humanity will ultimately become a society of ignorance and dependence. To combat this, man must take these transcendentalist theories and apply its aspects to everyday life. If every man and woman did this and pasted it on to their children, society could be transformed into something magnificent and beneficial for both the current generation and the generations to come.

Who Painted the Leon? :: Chaucers The Canterbury Tales Essays

Who Painted the Leon? In Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, a reader is introduced to a rather bizarre and heterogeneous group of people leaving for a pilgrimage. The Wife of Bath is the most interesting and lively character of the group. Her "Prologue" and "Tale" provide readers with a moral lesson as well as comic relief. The Wife's "Prologue" serves as an overture to her "Tale", in which she states a very important point regarding the nature of women and their most sacred desires. According to this character, women desire sovereignty, or power, over their men most in the world. This wish seems to be most appropriate for women of the time period in which Chaucer lived. However, women today no longer wish to dominate their men - sovereignty of women over men is not relevant in the twenty-first century. The reason is that women are no longer deprived of power and freedom. According to the Wife of Bath, sovereignty, or power, over their husbands is what women desire most in their lives: Wommen desire to have sovereinetee As wel over hir housbonde as hir love And for to been in maistrye him above (1044-1046). However, which powers exactly is the Wife of Bath talking about? It seems that materialistic power is what Alisoun means - women wish to control their husbands' estates and other economic holdings. In her "Prologue" the Wife of Bath describes her last, fifth, marriage to Janekin. After a huge fight with him, caused by Alisoun's ripping pages out of his book of wicked wives, Janekin grants her the control over the house and the land, what makes her very happy, and she treats her husband with kindness from then on: He yaf me al the bridel in myn hand, To han the governance of hous and land... After that day we hadde nevere debat. God help me so, I was to him as kinde As any wif from Denmark unto Inde...(819-820, 828-830). Therefore, according to the "Wife of Bath's Prologue," economic power over their husbands is what women wished to have. However, later, in her "Tale" the Wife of Bath presents another opinion - women wish to have emotional power over their husbands as well. The fact that the hag is able to decide for herself whether to turn into a beautiful wife or to remain in her present state, manifests her power over the husband. It is up to her whether to make the knight the happiest men on earth or to make him miserable for as long as she lives:

The History of Oppressed Puerto Rico :: Historical Spanish Essays

The History of Oppressed Puerto Rico Jesus Colon, in â€Å"How to Know the Puerto Ricans,† makes a statement that I believe explains and articulates the effect centuries of exploitation has had on Puerto Rico, and on the identity of Puerto Ricans. He writes, â€Å"So when you come to knock at the door of a Puerto Rican home you will be encountered by this feeling in the Puerto Rican-sometimes unconscious in himself-of having been taken for a ride for centuries.†(Santiago, 71) This assertion is appropriate and logical in the sense that Puerto Rico was invaded, ruled, and exploited by the Spaniards from 1508 until July 1898 when the Spanish flag was lowered and the United States began its invasion. With the exclusion of the aristocrats, who were either directly from Spain or criollos , there was complete oppression in Puerto Rico during the time it was a Spanish colony. The history of Puerto Rico under Spanish rule is useful in understanding the formation of Puerto Rican identity and in understanding some of the literature written by Puerto Ricans regarding issues of identity. The numerous historical, economical, social, and political circumstances of Puerto Rico as a colony has affected identity formation of its people. In 1508, Ponce de Leon led the arrival of Spanish into Puerto Rico. Between the years of 1511-1513, Taà ­nos fought against the Spaniards because they were taking away the Taà ­no culture. An outright rebellion with guerrilla warfare occurred in 1511 and then 1513-1514 experienced a lessening of this overt manner of rebellion and a conversion to more evasive and passive forms of resistance (Figueroa, Sept. 22). Among Puerto Ricans, especially the jibaros , there was a great amount of anti-state, anti-Spanish sentiment. However, the plebian peasantry (jibaros) erected a faà §ade that they were following Spanish authorities' orders, although in reality the peasants discounted and discredited the orders of the Spaniards (Figueroa, Sept. 22). By presenting this faà §ade, the authorities falsely believed that the peasantry was not going to cause problems and would be loyal to Spain and its delegates. From 1650 until 100 years later, â€Å"relative isolation from the international economy fostered the growth of an independent, racially mixed peasantry whose contact with the outside world was limited to occasional contraband trade with foreigners.†(Scarano, 4) Despite evidence that it would be unsuccessful, the Spanish government tried to create a plantation labor force from the peasantry. This would

Values

Another thing I value is happiness this is a personal value for me, I believe in being happy as much as you can and to keep a positive mind set, happiness is also a key factor in helping me get through the tough times that I face through-out my life. Motivation is something else I value and this is also a personal value. I always try my hardest to stay motivated and be positive, I value this is because it helps me to keep going and to give all I have in order to receive the best results in whatever I do.Three core values that influence practice are respect, confidentiality, non- judgmental attitude and protection. Maintaining a non-judgmental attitude around the clients is very important. The belief of social care work does not include assigning guilt or innocence. When using a non-judgmental attitude you have to allow the listener to hear and understand exactly what is being said and enable the person to talk freely and comfortably about problems without feeling that he or she is be ing judged. The attitudes involved in being non-judgmental are acceptance, genuineness and empathy.Acceptance is all about representing the person's feelings experiences and values, even if they are different from yours it is important that you do not criticism them because of your own attitudes or beliefs. Genuineness is about showing the person that you accept them and their values by what you say or do. Try to reach a position where your body language reflects what you say. Empathy is the ability to place yourself in another person's shoes and to demonstrate to the person that you truly hear and understand what they are saying and feeling.This is not the same as sympathy which is about feeling sorry for the person. Another value that influences practice is confidentiality you must strive to establish and maintain the trust and confidence of service users and career. A duty of confidence arises when one person discloses information to another in circumstances where it is reasonabl e to expect that the information will be held in confidence. Confidentiality is a fundamental part of professional practice that protects human rights.It is not acceptable to discuss matters related to the people in their care outside the clinical setting, Discuss a case with colleagues in public where hey may be overheard or leave records unattended where they may be read by unauthorized persons. Miller describes confidentiality as â€Å"The idea of protecting information from misuse† (2005:46) she then suggests information should only be passed on when necessary and the individual must be made aware that information can and will be passed on if necessary.Miller (2005) refers to the organization and not the employee as an individual. She also discusses the strict guidelines of confidential information. Confidential information gathered for one purpose should not be used for another. The consent of the individual should be given at all times other than in exceptional circumst ances this must be made clear to the service user. Another value that influences practice is protection.As a social service worker, you must protect the rights and promote the interests of service users and careers. You must treat each person as an individual, you must respect their dignity, must not discriminate in any way against those in your care, you must treat people kindly and you must act as an advocate for those in your care, helping them to access relevant health and social care information and support.