Thursday, January 30, 2020
The Senate of the United States Essay Example for Free
The Senate of the United States Essay The national government of the United States of America is divided into three branches: the executive, legislative and judiciary. The legislative branch is further divided into two, the House of Representatives and the Senate. Indeed, the Senate is a law-making body, but what is its role and function in the political system of the United States? How did it come into existence? This research paper aims to discuss the history of the United States Senate, as well as its role and function in the United States political system.            The history of the United States Senate began on July 16, 1787 (â€Å"Senate Created†). During this date, those who wrote the U.S. Constitution, also known as Framers, decided upon what is called the â€Å"Great Compromise,†which is also called as the â€Å"Connecticut Compromise†(â€Å"Senate Created†; â€Å"The Senate†). This compromise was responsible for the creation of a bilateral legislature; the Senate would equally represent all the states, and the House of Representatives would do the same, only â€Å"in proportion to their respective populations†(â€Å"Chronology†; â€Å"Senate Created†).            The Constitution Framers established the Senate to protect the rights of every state as well as the voice of the minority in a federal government (â€Å"Senate†). In creating the Senate, the councils of colonial governors and the state senates that were derived from them were used as a pattern. According to James Madison, the Senate had two roles (â€Å"Senate†). The first one is â€Å"to protect the people against their rulers†; the second is â€Å"to protect the people against the transient impressions into which they themselves might be led†(qtd. in â€Å"Senate†).            Before the compromise was made, the state delegates insisted that state representation must be consistent with the state size (â€Å"The Senate†). This means that it is the population of the state that would dictate how many senators would represent them. This would result in the Senate having the upper hand in the legislative branch due to their number. After the Compromise was made, the Senate and the House were given equal allotment of power (â€Å"The Senate†).            The equal allotment of power between Senate and the House was made for purposes of balance among the small and big states during the Constitutional Convention (â€Å"Senate†). To secure the jurisdiction of the particular states, the Framers determined that the â€Å"state legislatures would elect senators†(â€Å"Senate†). Consequently, the Framers gave these senators a term that lasts for six years, as opposed to House members term of only 2 years. Madison explained that there is stability in a longer term. He reasoned that there are more House members than senators in the legislative branch; it is only through the giving of longer terms for senators that would prevent the legislative branch from being â€Å"overwhelmed†(â€Å"Senate†). However, some people expressed concern over the possibility of aristocracy that comes with a longer term; as a result, it was established that the terms of the senators would â€Å"expire every two years†(â€Å"Senate†).            The Constitutional Convention also determined the number of senators per state (â€Å"The Senate†). One senator did not seem a reasonable option. This is because during the senators sickness or absence, no one would substitute for him and his state would have no representative at that time. The next problem was adding too many people in the Senate. If there are more senators, the Senate would be bigger and hold more influence than the members of the House. If the quantity of senators continues to increase, the quality of the Senate would decrease. This is because an overcrowded Senate would not fulfill its role and function well. In the end, the delegates had to decide between having two or three senators. In the end, it was decided that every state would have two senators, as indicated in the Constitution. On September 17, 1787, out of the 55 delegates of the Constitutional Convention, only 39 wrote their signatures in the Constitution (â€Å"The Senate†).            On September 30, 1788, the first senators of the United States were elected (â€Å"Senate Created†). They were Pennsylvania Senators Robert Morris and William Maclay. The victory of Maclay was relevant; this is because he was the only one who maintained a diary of the sessions at the Senate at a time when they occurred â€Å"behind closed doors†(â€Å"Senate Created†).            In 1789, March 4th marked the first assembly of the Senate at chamber in the second storey of Federal Hall in New York (â€Å"Chronology†; â€Å"Senate†). That same year, on April 6th, the Senate accomplished its first quorum, with twelve members present (â€Å"Chronology†; â€Å"Senate†). With New Hampshire Senator John Langdon as â€Å"president pro tempore,†the first task of the Senate was to convene with the members of the House to tabulate the ballots of the recent elections, in which George Washington emerged victorious in the presidential race (â€Å"Senate Created†). It was also the day when the senators elected â€Å"a doorkeeper, secretary, and chaplain†(â€Å"Chronology†). Vice President John Adams took oath on April 21st; President Washington did the same on the 30th (â€Å"Senate†).            On December 6, 1790, the U.S. Congress started to take residence in Philadelphia; they would stay in this address for a decade (â€Å"Chronology†). On November 17, 1800, the Senate moved to the north wing of the Capitol in Washington, D.C., despite the fact that it was not yet finished. Four days after, the Senate had â€Å"its first quorum in the new national capital†(â€Å"Chronology†). In the beginning of the Constitutional Convention, the Framers initially wanted to assign the authority of creating treaties and appointing judges in federal courts and ambassadors (â€Å"Senate†). In the end, however, it was decided that these tasks were to be shared by both the Senate and the president. The president is responsible for making the nomination, while it is the senators’ job to either agree or disagree. The Senate became responsible for giving consent on nominations and treaties given by the president (â€Å"Senate†). On June 24, 1795, the Senate exercised its power by approving Jay’s Treaty (â€Å"Chronology†). On December 15th that same year, they also exercised authority over the federal courts as they rejected the nomination of John Rutledge for the Supreme Court (â€Å"Chronology†). December 1795 marked the end of the long tradition of having legislative sessions in private (â€Å"Chronology†). On January 5, 1802, stenographers and note takers were granted permission by the Senate to enter the chamber floor (â€Å"Chronology†). There had been many changes that occurred in the U.S. Senate. To begin with, the number of senators had significantly increased through the centuries (â€Å"Senate†). In addition, the Senate now has committees, something that was not included by the Framers during the creation of the Senate. Initially, the committees were temporary and were created for legislation. At present, the committees have been made permanent. The 1920s ushered in an era when the Senate committees have assumed a more substantial role, this time in the field of investigation. The committees held investigations which dealt with issues in government, such the leasing of oil in the1920s, the Vietnam War in the 1960s and the Watergate Scandal of the 1970s (â€Å"Senate†). The United States Senate was initially created for state representation. The role of the Senate was preserve states’ rights and opinion, to equally distribute power in both federal and state governments. Through time, it has become more relevant. From approving nominations and treaties to taking part in crucial investigations, the Senate has assumed a bigger role in U.S. government. In the end, it is the U.S. Senate that provides balance in the U.S. political system. Works Cited Baker, Richard. â€Å"Senate Created.†United States Senate. 15 April 2008 http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Senate_Created.htm. Baker, Richard. â€Å"US History Companion: Senate.†Answers.com. 15 April 2008 http://www.answers.com/topic/united-states-senate. United States Senate. â€Å"Senate Chronology.†15 April 2008 http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/one_item_and_teasers/chronology.htm. United States Senate. â€Å"The Senate and the United States Constitution.†15 April 2008 http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/Constitution_Senate.htm.
Wednesday, January 22, 2020
The Definition of Literature :: Definition Essays
The Definition of Literature      Literature has many meanings but to me when I hear the word literature I think of large tomes of words and stories that have become classics over time however this is only one definition of literature. Literature comes from that Latin word littera, that directly translated means letter, thus supporting the idea that literature is written. This view however leaves out the idea that there can be oral literature as well from which many of our stories and books come from.      The main form of literature, the book, has had a great impact upon the formation of our society today. Before the 1940’s TV had not come into being yet and there was not much else to do other than read books. Thus books formed my grandparents and to some extent my parents and, although I grew up in the generation of TV, books as literature have indirectly formed me as well. There also can be forms of artistic literature such as poetry or play writing. These also play an important part in literature, I believe, such as Robert frost’s poems or the works of Shakespeare the playwright. These are great authors, whose literature is not in the form of a great story or a moving novel, but in irregular works that have stayed with us for a long time many years. I believe that one very good definition of literature is that literature must have certain qualities such as plot, characters, tone, symbols, conflict, point of view, and many other elements working together in a dynamic relationship to produce a literary work. This pretty much defines the way that most people see literature today. This allows for oral traditional stories as well as for the irregular forms of writing such as plays and poems that can also have plot, characters, tone and the other elements mentioned so that they can be deemed a literary work.
Tuesday, January 14, 2020
History of Football Essay
The history of football is interesting as well as exciting, from the first forms of the game ever played, to the multi million dollar organizations of today. The game continues to evolve and change with the times. Football is a sport that evolved from many different games. Football is mainly known as a different form of rugby or soccer, but there is more to the origin of the game than just those two sports. Football games were played around the world before the game was actually called football. †Football is believed to have descended from a Greek game called Harpaston †(Source C). The rules in Harpaston were not very strict. Running, kicking, or passing the ball across the goal line could earn points. †It is believed that the Chinese played some form of soccer around 500 A. D†(Source M). The earliest soccer games in England consisted of people running around on a field kicking a skull. This skull kicking game continued until someone had the idea to use an inflated cow bladder, which allowed for the ball to be kicked greater distances and was much easier on the foot of the participants. In the twelfth century, the king of England outlawed the game of â€Å"futeball†because it took away from the English tradition of archery. The game was considered illegal for four hundred years. Once it was allowed to resume, it was called soccer. Another ancestor of football is the Irish game of Gaelic rugby. This game basically consisted of teams trying to advance the ball across the goal line, much like Greek Harpaston. Once the game made it across the Atlantic to America it started to take on characteristics of the game we now call football today. When football crossed the Atlantic Ocean and came to America it would undergo a major change. There were many different forms of the game in America, Princeton University students played a game called ? Ballown’ in the 1920s, which was the earliest attempt at modern football. Harvard University students would always play a football-like game on the first Monday of the new school year, it became known as ? Bloody Monday’. â€Å"But, the first official game took place on November 9th 1869 between Princeton University and Rutgers University. Both teams had twenty-five players, which led to mass confusion and chaos, also the goal posts were only twenty-five yards apart, causing a very small field†(Source J). It was obvious that the sport needed some new rules and Mr. Walter Camp was the man to develop them. Walter Camp was a star player and later a coach at his alma mater, Yale University. Walter Camp contributed to the definition of modern-day football more than anyone; he helped change the game from its form of rugby style to the modern game it is today. †Walter Camp is known as the father of American football†(Source J). As the game grew in popularity more people began playing it, but the game was considered too brutal. †Before 1905 many injuries and eighteen deaths had been reported from the brutal mass plays, President Roosevelt asked the schools to set rules to save the game from extinction†(Source C). In response to the Presidents plea, representatives from several different schools got together to set some rules, which would forever change the game. â€Å"The schools decided that a touchdown should be worth more, so in 1898 it was changed from four to five points, and eventually changed from five to six. While on the other hand the field goal was dropped from five points to four, and then down to three†(Source I). Another problem with the game is that it was very boring. To help end this boredom Walter Camp came up with the idea of first downs. With this rule, teams must gain ten yards in four attempts or the ball is turned over. To help protect players’ safety, formations like the flying V and wedge were made illegal. Probably the most important rule change was the legalization of the forward pass. To accommodate for this new rule, colleges also created an end zone ten yards deep to allow the ball to be caught in safely. The first professional games took place between athletic clubs. The first player to play for money was William W. â€Å"Pudge†Heffelinger. â€Å"Heffelinger played at Yale University where he made the Walter Camp All American team for three straight years. Heffelinger was paid five hundred dollars to play a game for the Allegheny Athletic Association of Pittsburgh. Heffelinger is known as the first professional football player†(Source H). The first professional to sign a contract was Grant Dilbert who signed with the Pittsburgh Athletic Club. Soon after this, many teams started paying money for the best players. â€Å"On September 17 1920 representatives met to form the American Professional Football Association (APFA)†(Source H). In 1922 the APFA was renamed the National Football League (NFL). During this time, any town that could fund the money was forming a football team, even two Philadelphia baseball teams established professional football teams. During this time, professional football was not as popular as college football. Due to betting and recruiting scandals, Americans were not as interested in the NFL as they were in the collegiate games. The league reached an all time low in 1932 when it had a membership of eight teams. However, over time the formation of legendary teams like the Decatur Staleys, later renamed the Chicago Bears, and the small town Green Bay Packers, and also due to the emergence of heroic players, this new league would win over the hearts of American football fans. One of the first famous football players was Jim Thorpe. Thorpe, an Indian born in Oklahoma, would become a great college player, as well as a great professional player. â€Å"Jim Thorpe signed his first professional contract with the Canton Bulldogs at a price of two hundred fifty a game†(Source H). Although he is considered one of the great players it is believed that Jim did not play his hardest all the time, he played hard only when he wanted to. He also used shoulder pads with a layer of sheet metal under them, so he could hit opposing players even harder. Jim was not just a great football player he was an Olympian as well, winning several medals in the Olympics. Harold â€Å"Red†Grange was a legendary college player nicknamed, ? The Galloping Ghost’. Red helped college fans appreciate the professional game, he signed his first professional contract ten days after his college career had ended. â€Å"Red Grange made his professional debut on Thanksgiving day before a crowd of over 10,000 fans, before his arrival in professional football the crowds were usually measured in the hundreds†(Source H). Sammy Baugh and Otto Graham reinvented the passing game of football. They were considered the first gunslingers of football. All of these players helped revolutionize the game. Growing in popularity, the game of football was about to take some huge steps. â€Å"In 1932 the first indoor game was played due to weather, the game was played on an eighty yard field†(Source J). During the Great Depression the NFL thrived, giving Americans something to take their minds off of the hard times. During World War II younger players enlisted so older players were drafted into the league. After the war, the popularity of the NFL grew. â€Å"In 1939 the National Broadcasting Corporation was the first station to televise an NFL game between the Brooklyn Dodgers, and the Philadelphia Eagles†(Source F). In 1951 a game between the St. Louis Rams and the Cleveland Browns was the first to be broadcast from coast to coast. As the professional game grew in popularity it expanded as well. More teams were added while others were dropped. In 1946 when football was very popular in the United States, the American Football League (AFL) was formed. The AFL and NFL would later combine to form what is now known as today’s National Football League. Many people argued about which league was stronger, the American League or the National Football League. Many people believed the NFL was stronger, and others thought the AFL was more powerful. To find out which conference was stronger the first Super Bowl was staged. â€Å"In 1967 the first Super Bowl featured the NFL’s Green Bay Packers playing against the AFL’s Kansas City Chiefs†(Source F). The game was dominated by the Green Bay Packers, making them the first Super Bowl champions. The start of the Super Bowls would later lead to the merger of the NFL and the AFL to form the current consolidated National Football League. Since the first collegiate game between Princeton and Rutgers, football has changed in very many different ways. â€Å"Of the thirteen teams in the league in 1920 only the Chicago Bears and St. Louis Cardinals, now the Arizona Cardinals, remain. There have been many classic and memorable moments in professional football history, like Chuck Bednarik’s ferocious hit on Frank Gifford, as seen on the cover of this report, John Elway’s leadership of the Denver Broncos on â€Å"The Drive†, the 1972 Miami Dolphins undefeated season, and Joe Montana’s victory-clinching pass to Dwight Clark, which is simply known as â€Å"The Catch†. The game of football has a rich history. It has evolved in many different ways but continues to hold onto the tradition and basic format it was built upon. The game will continue to grow and change with the times but will always be known as America’s greatest game. Source A: â€Å"A Brief History of The Game†www. hornetfootball. org/documents/football-history. htm Source B: â€Å"American Football History†wiwi. essortment. com/americanfootball_rwff. htm 2002 Pagewire Source C: Buckley James. America’s Greatest Game. New York. Hyperian Books For Children. 1998. Source D: â€Å"Football History-Just What Sport are We Talking About Anyway? †www. sportsknowhow. com/football/history/football-history. shtml. 2004 A Website of Internet Marketing Unlimited Source E: â€Å"History of Football†http://inventors/about/com/ad/fstartinventions/a/historyfootball/htm. 2007 New York Times Company Source F: â€Å"History of The Sport†www. usafootball. com/about-us/history-of-the-sport/. 2006 USA Football Source G: â€Å"History†www. profootballhoffestival. com/festival/history/asp 2005 Pro Football Hall of Fame Festival Source H: LaBlanc, L. Michael. Professional Sports Teams Histories. Detroit, MI: Gale Research Inc. 1994 Source I: â€Å"NFL History†www. NFL. com/history. 2007 NFL Enterprises LLC Source J: Riffenburgh, Beau. The Official History of Pro Football. New York: Crescent Books, 1990 Source K: â€Å"Rules And Information†. www. football. com/rulesabc/origins. shtml#begin. 2003 Football. com Source L: The First Fifty Years: New York: Simon & Schuster Inc. 1969. Source M: Tuttle, Dennis. The Composite Guide to Football. Philadelphia. Chelsea House Publishers Source N: Wallace, Bill. Nelson’s Encyclopedia of Pro Football. New York: William N. Wallace 1969.
Monday, January 6, 2020
Child Labor Essay - 2348 Words
Child Labor When child labor is examined, individuals and societies feel moral and emotional tugs. The Freudian super ego is appalled that, especially in the modern world, there would be such a preposterous issue. The Freudian id would rationalize numerous reasons, even justifications, of why child labor exists and would be necessary. Every corner of the earth has known this conflict to one degree or another. In the United States, the conflict is activated or denied with the purchase of an expensive sneaker. The child who is exploited on the other side of the world rarely receives a nod of concern for the slavery he endures. Countless items are similarly purchased with similar child working conditions. The children of†¦show more content†¦Child labor is not necessary if the income from adults is high enough to provide a reasonable standard of living. Almost without exception adult labor is a substitution for child labor. Child labor is often justified by an attitude tha t says the children are developing good habits that will make them constantly employable as adults. Without education, the child often has no other alternative than to enter the work force while still a minor. As a handicapped, probably illiterate child, he will be sentenced to a lifetime of poverty. Access to education becomes increasingly remote. Over 125 million children are without formal schooling. One comparison points out that the cost of educating these children would be 10 billion dollars, a sizeable sum except when recognizing that this is the cost of four days of global military spending. For child labor conditions to improve, strong workers’ rights codes are necessary. Early studies emphasize this point by pointing out that child labor problems extend beyond long hours and poor pay and include highly abusive, sometimes criminal practices. Intentionally distorting and concealing where and when the children are working can further violate child labor rights. With multiple layers of production and outsourcing, it is hard to identify the degree and amount of work that is child labor. What amounted to slave labor in the 19th century was the condition that was prominent especially inShow MoreRelatedThe Nature Of Child Labor1626 Words  | 7 Pagesthat â€Å"Globally there are 168 million child laborers, over half of which, 85 million, are in hazardous work conditions†(ILO). Child labor is not a new phenomenon by any means; it has been going on for years and has become a social issue. This paper aims to portray the nature of child labor in India. It l ooks at the definition of child labor, the prevalence, and factors that lead children to work. Definition Often time people assume that the meaning of child labor is clear-cut. 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(american.edu) This problem is concerning because not only is it unethical, but child labor and, thereforeRead MoreChild Labor766 Words  | 4 PagesThe History of Child Labor In AmericaTopic: The History Of Child LaborQuestion: In what ways was child l abor cruel to children?Thesis: Child labor in America has been very cruel and unfair to children as their jobs were not paid a decent amount of money, were working under terrible conditions, and they led to diseases. Starting in about the 1700s, hand labor was replaced by power driven machines to make jobs easier.1 The industrial revolution had begun, and families needed a job and money to be ableRead MoreChinas High Dependence On Child Labor1677 Words  | 7 PagesChild labor is a commonplace in China. Most of the children in China, families work income is dependent on their family’s survival. Child labor is a major issue throughout the global economy, especially in developing countries like China. 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